© Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF BRIQUETTE FROM PIGGERY WASTE ADEBAYO OLAYINKA OLUMIDE B.Eng. (Civil Engineering), Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State (TP11/12/H/0295) Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria 2014 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng AUTHORIZATION TO COPY OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE, NIGERIA HEZEKIAH OLUWASANMI LIBRARY POST GRADUATE THESIS AUTHOR: Olayinka Olumide ADEBAYO TITLE: Development and Evaluation of Briquette From Piggery Waste DEGREE: M.Sc. (Civil Engineering) YEAR: 2014 I, Olayinka Olumide ADEBAYO, hereby authorize the Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library to copy my thesis in part or whole in response to request from individuals and/or organization for the purpose of private study or research. ________________________ ___________________________ Signature Date © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 2 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the work of this thesis entitled “Development and Evaluation of Briquette from Piggery Waste,” was carried out by ADEBAYO Olumide Olayinka with registration number (TP11/12/H/0295) and supervised by Dr. I. A .Oke and Co-supervised by Dr. I .K. Adewumi at the Department of Civil Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Osun State. …………………………………. ……………………………… Dr. I.A. Oke Date Supervisor ……………………………… ……………………………. Dr. I. K. Adewumi Date Co-Supervisor …………………………………. ……………………………… Dr. H. Mohammed Date Head of Department © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 3 DEDICATION This work is whole heartedly dedicated to God who is my source and sustainer. © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All glory and thanks go to the Almighty God for His love and divine assistance throughout this programme. I sincerely appreciate the supervision of this work by my supervisor, Dr. Isaiah Adesola Oke, my co-supervisor Dr. Ifeoluwa Kehinde and Head of Department Civil Engineering, Dr. Mohammed Husein, for their suggestions, criticisms and technical input throughout the stages of this work. Their professional advice, wealth of experience , and care had contributed immensely to the successful completion of this research work. May the Almighty God always remember them and their families for Good. I express my profound gratitude to Dr. Oladepo K.T and Engr Jeje J.O. I really appreciate your fatherly instructions and knowledge passed to me from the inception. I am greatful to Dr. Mohammed H, (Engr) Mrs Ayodele, Engr Fajobi and Mr Owolade for their contribution during the research work. Special thanks to all the entire acedemic and non accademic staff of Civil Engineering Department. I am priviledged to meet with wonderful colleagues Amele, and Yemi for their support. My thanks also go to Timilehin, Olamide, Paul, Judith, Tosin and Tayo for being constantly present when needed. My warm appreciation also goes to Mr and Mrs Awolusi for their care and shelter. Finally, my deep appreciation and thanks go to my ever supporting parents Mr Kazum S.A., and Mrs Kazum G.T for their unrelenting efforts, may God Almighty reward them abundantly and also to my siblings Deji, Shade, and Shola. God bless you all. TABLE OF CONTENTS © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 2 Page Title Page i Authorization to Copy ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi List of Tables xi List of Figures xiii List of Plates xiv List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xv Abstract xviii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 General Background 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem 4 1.3 Objectives of the Study 4 1.4 Scope of the Study 4 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 5 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 3 2.1 Animal Waste 5 2.2 Pre-Processing of Biomass Residue 7 2.3 Intrinsic Biomass Material Properties 8 2.4 The Proximate Analysis 10 2.4.1 Moisture content 10 2.4.2 Volatile matter and fixed carbon 12 2.4.3 Ash content 13 2.4.4 The ultimate analysis 15 2.5 Calorific Value 16 2.6 Definition of Briquetting 17 2.7 The Potential of Briquetting and its Advantages 18 2.8 Briquette Making as Source of Energy 20 2.9 Briquette Production 22 2.9.1 Pyrolysed briquetted fuel 23 2.9.2 Direct compaction briquetted fuel 23 2.10 Factors Governing the Manufacture of Briquettes 24 2.10.1 Material humidity 26 2.10.2 Compacting pressure 28 2.10.3 Pressing temperature 29 2.10.4 Fraction largeness 29 2.10.5 Type of material 30 2.11 Properties Relevant to Biomass Compaction 30 2.11.1 Briquette size and shape 32 2.11.2 Thermo-physical properties 33 2.11.3 Material density 35 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 4 2.12 Briquette Analysis 36 2.13 The Effect of Density and Size on Burn Rate 40 2.14 Methods of Densification 43 2.15 Briquetting Press for Rural Areas 47 2.16 Previous Study on Briquetting 50 2.16.1 Advantages of biomass briquetting 51 2.16.2 Disadvantages of biomass briquetting 52 2.17 Factors Affecting Briquetting 53 2.17.1 Temperature and pressure 53 2.17.2 Moisture content 53 2.17.3 Drying 54 2.17.4 Particle size and size reduction 54 2.18 Biomass Briquetting Process 54 2.19 Types of Briquetting Machines 55 2.19.1 Piston press densification 55 2.19.2 Screw press 55 2.19.3 Roller press 56 2.19.4 Manual presses and low pressure briquetting 56 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 58 3.1 Overview 58 3.2 Sample Collection 58 3.3 Homogenizing and Sub-Sampling 60 3.4 Determination of Moisture Content and Dry Matter 60 3.5 Determination of Water Volume 61 3.6 Briquettes Development 61 3.6.1 Mould fabrication 61 3.6.2 Sample compaction and moisture content adjustment 64 3.6.3 Drying of briquettes 64 3.7 Determination of Briquettes Mass 66 3.8 Combustion Testing 68 3.8.1 Data analysis 70 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 71 4.1 General Characteristics of the Briquette 71 4.2 Analysis of Variables 71 4.2.1 Effect of moisture content on the burn rate 71 4.2.1.1 Analysis of moisture content and mass charge effects on mass reduction and mass loss/initial mass 73 4.2.2 Effect of mass charge on the burn rate 75 4.2.3 Effect of mould size on the mass loss 79 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 2 4.2.4 Effects of mass charge, mould radius and time on mass reduction and mass loss/initial mass 82 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS 86 REFERENCES 87 APPENDICES 96 Appendix A: Summary of practical work 96 Appendix B: Raw data of variables 99 Appendix C: Formula 103 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Analysis of Briquettes Calorific Values 37 2.2 Result of Some Briquettes Analysis 38 2.3 Empirical Constant F and β 42 2.4 Economics of Coal and Crop Residue for Power 44 2.5 Economics of Binderies Briquetting in India 45 2.6 Properties of Briquette 46 4.1 Mass of Oven Dried Briquettes Compacted at 18-26% Moisture Content Before and After Burning 72 4.2 ANOVA Table Showing The Effect of Moisture Content and Mass Charge On Mass Reduction and Mass loss/initial mass 74 4.3 Duncan's Multiple Range Tests Showing The Significance of Mc and Mch Means For Each Measured Parameter 76 4.4 Mass of Oven Dried Briquettes Developed at Different Mass Charges 77 4.5 Result of Mass Loss Rate Test For Different Charges of 0.150- 0.350 kg 78 4.6 Results For Mass Loss Rate of Briquettes Developed at Different Mould Radius 35-45 mm 80 4.7 Average Burn Rate of Developed Briquettes and Some Combustible Materials 81 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 2 4.8 ANOVA Table Showing The Effect and Interaction of Mass Charge, Mould Radius and Time On Mass Reduction and Mass loss/Initial Mass 83 4.9 Duncan's Multiple Range Tests Showing The Significance of Mch, Mr and t Means On Mass Reduction and Mass loss/Initial Mass 85 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Testing of briquette compaction strength 27 2.2 A typical normalized mass decrease curve for a burning cylindrical briquette 50 3.1 Dimensioning of mould 62 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 4 LIST OF PLATES Plate Page 2.1 Briquetting with different fraction size 31 2.2 Sample of briquette 39 2.3 Sample of briquette machines 49 3.1 Pig sample being collected from pig pen 59 3.2 Compaction moulds 63 3.3 Briquettes after compaction 65 3.4 Mass determination of the briquettes using a mass balance 67 3.5 Burning of a briquette sample 69 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemist ANOVA Analysis of Variance BSI British Standard Institution CO Carbon Monoxide Df Degree of freedom DM Dry Matter ECG Energy Commission of Ghana FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GCV Gross Calorific Value H Height of briquette LFF Legacy Foundation Fuel LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas M Sample moisture content Mch Mass charge 𝑀𝐶𝑓 Final moisture content 𝑀𝐶𝑖 Initial moisture content MN Briquette Weight Ms Means Square © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 2 Mr Mould radius NRC National Research Council P Compaction Pressure r Radius of briquette SAS Statistical analysis software SS Sum of Square TC Total Carbon TIC Total Inorganic Carbon TOC Total Organic Carbon V Volume VN Briquette volume. VOC Volatile Organic Compound µ Empirical Constant β Empirical Constant Ҫ Empirical Constant F Empirical Constant H2S04 Hydrogen Sulphate NaF Sodium Fluoride Cr2O7 Dichromate Oxid © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page i ABSTRACT The study developed briquette from piggery waste. It also determined the effect of selected factors on the performance of the briquette developed. This was with a view to providing information on the management of agricultural waste. Five sizes of moulds of different diameters were fabricated locally. Piggery wastes were collected from pig pens and the moisture contents were determined and adjusted to five levels (18, 20, 22, 24, and 26%) to determine the effect of moisture on briquettes developed. The effect of different mass charges (0.150, 0.200, 0.250, 0.300, and 0.350 kg) on burn rate was also studied. Briquettes produced were replicated five times for each of the level, oven dried and transferred to the combustion rig for burning. The mass loss of each briquette was recorded at 2 minutes interval for 16 minutes, after which the mass loss percentage and loss rate were determined. The result of the study showed that the burn rate of briquette compacted at 20% moisture content level lost 82.83% of its initial mass after burning for 16 minutes at the mass loss rate of 0.171 g/s which gave the highest burn rate. Analysis of variance showed that treatments were significant at p ≤ 0.05. Moisture content and mass charge significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected the mass reduction (F4,16 = 1.15 and 0.81) and mass loss/initial mass (F4,16 = 19.17 and 0.35) of the briquettes, respectively. The effects of mould radius (F4,16 = 3.11 and 3.08) and time (F4,16 = 1282.10 and 4356.06) on mass reduction and mass loss/initial mass, respectively, were significant (p ≤ 0.05.) using the developed briquettes. The study concluded that the briquettes developed from piggery waste is viable and requires a simple technology. © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1.1 Background Nearly half of the world’s population, almost all in developing countries cooks using solid fuels (Bruce et al., 2000). Particularly, agricultural residues seem to be one of the most promising energy resources for developing countries (Wilaipon, 2008). Solid waste (manure) management is increasingly becoming a matter of great concern with increasing agricultural growth. The environmental impacts in the form of damage and unnecessary use of land, spreading of diseases and even contamination of ground water due to improper or no solid waste management are well established and documented. The solid wastes, irrespective of whether municipal or manure still continue to be treated as burdens. A field survey carried out revealed that Oke - Aro piggery farm in Lagos generates very large volume of pig manure and the major challenge been faced is management of the manure generated. The effect of this has led to serious environmental issues ranging from outbreak of diseases such as cholera and malaria resulting from surface and underground water pollution (Adewumi et al., 2013). The awareness that wastes are not to be taken as unutilized resources has still not come up in the development process, inspite of the fact that the sustainability of any development requires ensuring of minimum waste generation and resource consumption. It is therefore essential that only the materials that are left after all possible recoveries recycle, re-use etc. are taken as wastes. Sustainable sources of fuel have diminished and its one of the most challenging tasks facing Nigeria (Onuegbu et al., 2012). Developing countries are finding © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 2 means of expanding their energy services especially to the rural households and at the same time addressing the health and environmental consequences of over dependence on firewood for cooking. Many poor families’ household budgets suffer from domestic energy expenses. Deforestation has become a worldwide epidemic due to poverty, poor management policies, pressures of population growth, greed, and so on. Therefore, success in alternative fuel such as briquetting depends on understanding its benefits for the community (Wilaipon, 2008). Moreover, the decreasing availability of firewood has necessitated that efforts been made towards efficient utilization of agricultural wastes. They have acquired considerable importance as fuels for many purposes: domestic cooking, industrial process heating, power generation etc. Some of agricultural residues, such as coconut shell, animal waste, wood chip and wood waste, are ready to be directly used as fuel. Nevertheless, the majority of these bulky materials are not appropriate to be directly used as fuel without a suitable process (Wilaipon, 2008). It is because of the fact that they have low density, high moisture content and low energy density. All of these issues may cause problems in transportation, handling, storage, entrained particulate emission control including direct combustion. Grover et al., (1996) emphasized that briquetting technology is yet to get a strong foothold in many developing countries because of the technical constraints involved and the lack of knowledge to adapt the technology to suit local conditions. Briquetting is a mechanical compaction process for increasing the density of bulky material. This process can be utilized for forming fine or granular materials into a designed shape. With respect to coal fine, this material is not suitable for using in conventional combustion system because of its properties (Wilaipon, 2008). Therefore, it is crucial that this fine material should be economically compacted into the regular shape and size. Several researches about coal-briquette production have been carried out. Some researchers were interested in binderless coal briquette making (Mangena and Cann, 2007). © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Page 3 Briquettes are not new concept, infact they are becoming well established in the field and there is a growing network of people who manufacture it locally and on industrial scale. The technology of briquetting can broadly be divided into two types namely low-density and high-density processes. The former technology makes use of a binder to keep the material together, while in the latter method, high pressure is generated in the process which causes the material to bind. In India, the briquetting industry was started in 1981 with introduction of both low and high-density technology. Low-pressure briquetting is generally carried out for high moisture content materials and with the use of binder. The low-pressure briquetting technology is an indigenous developed technology and mainly used for pyrolysis biomass (char) or coal dust with binder. It is possible to briquette any material of biomass such as cotton stalk, wheat straw, rice husk, coffee husk, bagasse, saw dust, tobacco waste, herbal waste, coal dust etc. In addition, for some of the residues, pre-treatment is required before briquetting such as drying, purification, size reduction, to ensure the production of a good quality briquette. The most important parameters influencing the briquette quality are moisture content, particle size and shape. Peter et al, (2009) said after the analyses of the briquetting process, it was concluded that attention has to be focused on the impact of technological parameters (compacting pressure, pressing temperature, fraction largeness, material humidity, etc.) and constructional parameters (length of the pressing chamber, smoothness of the pressing chamber, impact of the friction