© Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact THE CHALLENGE OFGUNAIKŌN DIAKONIŌN 8:1-3 TO THE CHRIST APOSTOLIC CHURCH, DELTA STATE B.A. RELIGIOUS STUDIES THE POSTGRADUATE COLLEGE OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng GUNAIKŌN DIAKONIŌN (WOMEN MINISTERING) IN LUKE 3 TO THE CHRIST APOSTOLIC CHURCH, DELTA STATE SUNNY MANYOEKPAOGBA, (ARP13/14/H/3277) B.A. RELIGIOUS STUDIES (JABU, 2010) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE POSTGRADUATE COLLEGE OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY ILE-IFE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES 2016 (WOMEN MINISTERING) IN LUKE 3 TO THE CHRIST APOSTOLIC CHURCH, DELTA STATE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN RELIGIOUS STUDIES © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE HEZEKIAH OLUWASANMI LIBRARY AUTHOR: EKPAOGBA,SUNNYMANYO TITLE: THE CHALLENGE OF IN LUKE 8:1-3 TO THE CHRIST APOSTOLICCHURCH, DELTA STATE DEGREE: M.A. (RELIGIOUS STUDIES). YEAR:2015 I, EKPAOGBA Sunny Manyo, hereby authorize the copying of my thesis in part or whole request from individuals and/or organizations for the purpose of private study or research. ------------------------------ Signature ii © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng AUTHORISATION TO COPY OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE, NIGERIA HEZEKIAH OLUWASANMI LIBRARY POSTGRADUATE THESIS SUNNYMANYO THE CHALLENGE OF GUNAIKŌN DIAKONIŌN(WOMEN MINISTERING) 3 TO THE CHRIST APOSTOLICCHURCH, DELTA STATE ELIGIOUS STUDIES). I, EKPAOGBA Sunny Manyo, hereby authorize the copying of my thesis in part or whole or organizations for the purpose of private study or research. --------- Date IFE, NIGERIA (WOMEN MINISTERING) 3 TO THE CHRIST APOSTOLICCHURCH, DELTA STATE I, EKPAOGBA Sunny Manyo, hereby authorize the copying of my thesis in part or whole in or organizations for the purpose of private study or research. -------------------------- © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact This is to certify that this research was carried out by Mr. EKPAOGBA Sunny Manyo (Registration Number ARP13/14/H/3277) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Arts (M.A.) in Religious Studies under my supervision. ---------------------------------------- Dr. G.O. Folarin Supervisor Date: iii © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this research was carried out by Mr. EKPAOGBA Sunny Manyo (Registration Number ARP13/14/H/3277) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award (M.A.) in Religious Studies under my supervision. ----------------------- ------------------------------- Dr. D.O. Ogungbile Ag. Head of Department Date: This is to certify that this research was carried out by Mr. EKPAOGBA Sunny Manyo (Registration Number ARP13/14/H/3277) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award ------------------------------- gungbile Head of Department © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact First and foremost, my greatest gratitude goes to God for His favour, mercies and the manifold grace that enabled me complete this Master’s programme will forever be grateful and faithful to Him. My gratitude goes to all tho especially those from whom I received direct support in terms of lectures, supervision, thesis material, proofreading, encouragement, to Dr. G.O. Folarin for the unequalled assistance and patience duri this research. May God bless him and his family, espec My gratitude also goes to the D.O. Ogungbile and all other lecturers from whom I received direct impartation of knowledge. I am grateful to Prof. S.A. Onibere Olayiwola, Prof. E.O Babalola and Prof. M.O. Opeloye. I als Owoeye, Dr. (Mrs.) B.O. Bateye and Dr. F.T. Lateju, Dr. S.O. Olanisebe, Dr. A.K. Makinde, Dr. E.O. Gbadegesin, Dr. A.J. Adelakun, Dr. O.A. Oladosu and Mr. A.A. Olaniyi, for the assistance, support and encouragement they r I thank all the administrative Secretary), Mr. O. Adedeji (Typist), Mrs. Toyin Oyinloye and Miss Seye Odere. I will not forget Prof. B.I. Popoola, Mrs. Evelyn Ijabiken, Mr. G.O. Oladosu and Prof. C.T. Akanbi (the Provost, PG College).I thank all members of staff of the Postgraduate College of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, and my colleagues on I also appreciate the efforts and Ayo Babalola University: Prof. Shola Fajana (V.C), Barr. Wale Aderibigbe (Registrar), Prof. iv © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng ACKNOWLEDGMENTS , my greatest gratitude goes to God for His favour, mercies and the manifold nabled me complete this Master’s programme. I pledge my allegiance to Him that I will forever be grateful and faithful to Him. My gratitude goes to all those who have contributed to the success of this programme, especially those from whom I received direct support in terms of lectures, supervision, thesis material, proofreading, encouragement, moral and spiritual support. First, my appreciation goes G.O. Folarin for the unequalled assistance and patience during the period of supervising this research. May God bless him and his family, especially his wife for her My gratitude also goes to the Acting Head of the Department of Religious Stu D.O. Ogungbile and all other lecturers from whom I received direct impartation of knowledge. I o Prof. S.A. Onibere, Prof. C.U. Manus (my mentor), Prof. M.A. Ojo, Prof. D.O. Olayiwola, Prof. E.O Babalola and Prof. M.O. Opeloye. I also thank Dr. M.O. Adeniyi, Dr. S.A. Owoeye, Dr. (Mrs.) B.O. Bateye and Dr. F.T. Lateju, Dr. S.O. Olanisebe, Dr. A.K. Makinde, Dr. E.O. Gbadegesin, Dr. A.J. Adelakun, Dr. O.A. Oladosu and Mr. A.A. Olaniyi, for the assistance, support and encouragement they rendered to me toward the success of my programme. l the administrative staff of the Department: Mrs. O.A. Olagunju, (Department Secretary), Mr. O. Adedeji (Typist), Mrs. Toyin Oyinloye and Miss Seye Odere. I will not forget Mrs. Evelyn Ijabiken, Mr. G.O. Oladosu and Prof. C.T. Akanbi (the Provost, PG College).I thank all members of staff of the Postgraduate College of Obafemi Awolowo my colleagues on this programme. I also appreciate the efforts and support of the management and staff members of Joseph Ayo Babalola University: Prof. Shola Fajana (V.C), Barr. Wale Aderibigbe (Registrar), Prof. , my greatest gratitude goes to God for His favour, mercies and the manifold . I pledge my allegiance to Him that I se who have contributed to the success of this programme, especially those from whom I received direct support in terms of lectures, supervision, thesis . First, my appreciation goes ng the period of supervising herencouragement. Head of the Department of Religious Studies, Dr. D.O. Ogungbile and all other lecturers from whom I received direct impartation of knowledge. I , Prof. C.U. Manus (my mentor), Prof. M.A. Ojo, Prof. D.O. o thank Dr. M.O. Adeniyi, Dr. S.A. Owoeye, Dr. (Mrs.) B.O. Bateye and Dr. F.T. Lateju, Dr. S.O. Olanisebe, Dr. A.K. Makinde, Dr. E.O. Gbadegesin, Dr. A.J. Adelakun, Dr. O.A. Oladosu and Mr. A.A. Olaniyi, for the assistance, endered to me toward the success of my programme. staff of the Department: Mrs. O.A. Olagunju, (Departmental Secretary), Mr. O. Adedeji (Typist), Mrs. Toyin Oyinloye and Miss Seye Odere. I will not forget Mrs. Evelyn Ijabiken, Mr. G.O. Oladosu and Prof. C.T. Akanbi (the Provost, PG College).I thank all members of staff of the Postgraduate College of Obafemi Awolowo support of the management and staff members of Joseph Ayo Babalola University: Prof. Shola Fajana (V.C), Barr. Wale Aderibigbe (Registrar), Prof. © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact A.A. Odutuga, Prof. S.O. Ayodele (Dean of the College Humanities) an Chidomere (Head of Department, Dr. S.F. Babalola, Dr. P.O. Alokan, Dr. C.O. Metuonu, Mr. Hassan Oripeloye, Mr. O. Apata and Mrs. Blessing Oyewole. I appreciate the assistance and coo Department of History), Dr. S.A. Fatunsin (Head of (who proofread some chapters of this work), Mr. O.A. Adelakun (College Officer of Humanities), Mrs. C.I. Awoniyi (Assistant College Officer), other staff members of of Humanities, the University Chaplains, and the My appreciation also goes to all members of the Christ Apostolic Church (Mount Bethel Special District), Ile-Ife: Prof. A.M.A. Imevhore (Senior Pastor), Pastor (Prof.) C.O. (former V.C JABU), Pastor (Prof.) Emeka Onukaogu (former Dean of Humanities, JABU) and the currentSuperintendent of C.A.C Bethel Special District), Pastor (Prof.) I.O. (Superintendent of Ile-Ife Sub Ile-Ife). I thank Pastor (Dr.) Dele Dada ( Pastor (Barr.) G.C. Arubayi (Superintendent, CAC Bethel Sub and Mrs. Niyi Dada (my guardians), Pastor J.F.K. Akinbami, Pastor R.O. Olujobi, Pastor M. Alele and Pastor Yomi Akindele. Furthermore and their families for all their sup Mr. Ben O. Ekpaogba, Mr. William O. Akporube, Mrs. Christiana Maruabuchukwu, Mrs. Margaret Emonena, Mr. Ezekiel Ekpaogba, Mr. Semion Ekpaogba, Miss Florence Ekpaogba, and all my nephews and nieces, especially Hon. Osaro Obaze), Mrs. Charity Osagie, Mrs. Oghogho Onugbro, Mrs. Omanuzo Uwanlu, and Mrs. Queen Egwuavoin for their support. v © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng A.A. Odutuga, Prof. S.O. Ayodele (Dean of the College Humanities) an tment, Philosophy and Religious Studies). Others are: Dr. D.O. Alabi, Dr. S.F. Babalola, Dr. P.O. Alokan, Dr. C.O. Metuonu, Mr. Hassan Oripeloye, Mr. O. Apata and Mrs. Blessing Oyewole. I appreciate the assistance and cooperation of Dr. N.E. Attah (Head of istory), Dr. S.A. Fatunsin (Head of Department of English), Dr. D.K. Owoeye (who proofread some chapters of this work), Mr. O.A. Adelakun (College Officer of Mrs. C.I. Awoniyi (Assistant College Officer), other staff members of niversity Chaplains, and the entire JABU family. My appreciation also goes to all members of the Christ Apostolic Church (Mount Bethel Ife: Prof. A.M.A. Imevhore (Senior Pastor), Pastor (Prof.) C.O. (former V.C JABU), Pastor (Prof.) Emeka Onukaogu (former Dean of Humanities, JABU) and of C.A.C Bethel Special District), Pastor (Prof.) I.O. Sub-district), and Pastor (Prof.) and Mrs. J.B. Arubayi (my host thank Pastor (Dr.) Dele Dada (Superintendent, CAC Bethel Sub astor (Barr.) G.C. Arubayi (Superintendent, CAC Bethel Sub-district, Effurun/Warri, Pastor Mrs. Niyi Dada (my guardians), Pastor J.F.K. Akinbami, Pastor R.O. Olujobi, Pastor M. Alele and Pastor Yomi Akindele. Furthermore, I thank Pastor Karo Oboro, Pastor Efe Ogwunu and their families for all their support. Others among whom I owe appreciation Mr. Ben O. Ekpaogba, Mr. William O. Akporube, Mrs. Christiana Maruabuchukwu, Mrs. Margaret Emonena, Mr. Ezekiel Ekpaogba, Mr. Semion Ekpaogba, Miss Florence Ekpaogba, and all my nephews and nieces, especially Mrs. Christiana-Imonifegwo Oba Hon. Osaro Obaze), Mrs. Charity Osagie, Mrs. Oghogho Onugbro, Mrs. Omanuzo Uwanlu, and Mrs. Queen Egwuavoin for their support. A.A. Odutuga, Prof. S.O. Ayodele (Dean of the College Humanities) and Dr. A.C. Ariri- Philosophy and Religious Studies). Others are: Dr. D.O. Alabi, Dr. S.F. Babalola, Dr. P.O. Alokan, Dr. C.O. Metuonu, Mr. Hassan Oripeloye, Mr. O. Apata and peration of Dr. N.E. Attah (Head of of English), Dr. D.K. Owoeye (who proofread some chapters of this work), Mr. O.A. Adelakun (College Officer of Mrs. C.I. Awoniyi (Assistant College Officer), other staff members of the College My appreciation also goes to all members of the Christ Apostolic Church (Mount Bethel Ife: Prof. A.M.A. Imevhore (Senior Pastor), Pastor (Prof.) C.O. Oshun (former V.C JABU), Pastor (Prof.) Emeka Onukaogu (former Dean of Humanities, JABU) and of C.A.C Bethel Special District), Pastor (Prof.) I.O. Obisesan .B. Arubayi (my hosts in , CAC Bethel Sub-district, Toronto), istrict, Effurun/Warri, Pastor Mrs. Niyi Dada (my guardians), Pastor J.F.K. Akinbami, Pastor R.O. Olujobi, Pastor M. I thank Pastor Karo Oboro, Pastor Efe Ogwunu port. Others among whom I owe appreciation are my siblings: Mr. Ben O. Ekpaogba, Mr. William O. Akporube, Mrs. Christiana Maruabuchukwu, Mrs. Margaret Emonena, Mr. Ezekiel Ekpaogba, Mr. Semion Ekpaogba, Miss Florence Ekpaogba, Imonifegwo Obaze (and her husband, Hon. Osaro Obaze), Mrs. Charity Osagie, Mrs. Oghogho Onugbro, Mrs. Omanuzo Uwanlu, and © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact AGE - Assistant General Evangelist AGS - Assistant General Superintendent ANTC - Abingdon New Testament Commentary CAC - Christ Apostolic Church CACGWA - Christ Apostolic Church Good Women Association CACMA - Christ Apostolic Church Men’s Association CACMF - Christ Apostolic Church Minis CACMWF - Christ Apostolic Church Ministers’ Wives Fellowship CACYOF - Christ Apostolic Church Youth Fellowship C&S - Cherubim and Seraphim CWC - Centre for World Christianity DCC - District Coordinating Council DEC - District Executi FEW - Federally Employed Women FT - Faith Tabernacle GEC - General Executive Council GS - General Superintendent JABU - Joseph Ayo Babalola University MFM - Mountain of Fire and Miracles NASB - New American NBC - New Bible Commentary NYTS - New York Theological Seminary vi © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng ABBREVIATIONS Assistant General Evangelist Assistant General Superintendent Abingdon New Testament Commentary Christ Apostolic Church Christ Apostolic Church Good Women Association Christ Apostolic Church Men’s Association Christ Apostolic Church Ministers’ Fellowship Christ Apostolic Church Ministers’ Wives Fellowship Christ Apostolic Church Youth Fellowship Cherubim and Seraphim Centre for World Christianity District Coordinating Council District Executive Council Federally Employed Women Faith Tabernacle General Executive Council General Superintendent Joseph Ayo Babalola University Mountain of Fire and Miracles New American Standard Bible New Bible Commentary New York Theological Seminary Christ Apostolic Church Ministers’ Wives Fellowship © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact NOW - National Organization for Women NPB - Nigerian Publication Bureau PWC - Professional Women’s Caucus PWD - Public Works Department RCCG - The Redeemed Christian C TAC - The Apostolic Church TIDAC - The Institute for Diasporan and African Culture WEAL - Women’s Equity Action League VMCBAAN - Voluntary Midwifery and Community Birth Attendant Association of Nigeria vii © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng National Organization for Women Nigerian Publication Bureau Professional Women’s Caucus Public Works Department The Redeemed Christian Church of God The Apostolic Church The Institute for Diasporan and African Culture Women’s Equity Action League Voluntary Midwifery and Community Birth Attendant Association Voluntary Midwifery and Community Birth Attendant Association © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact Title Page Authorization to Copy Certification Acknowledgements Abbreviations Table of Contents List of Plates Abstract CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.4 Scope of the Study 1.5 Justification of the Study 1.6 Methodology CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Ministering Women in Ancient Israel 2.3 Women’s Position in the Greco 2.4 Women Ministers in the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles 2.5 Women’s Service in the Epistles 2.6 African Indigenous Religion and Women viii © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Statement of the Problem Objectives of the Study the Study CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Women in Ancient Israel Women’s Position in the Greco-Roman Religions Women Ministers in the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles Women’s Service in the Epistles African Indigenous Religion and Women i ii iii iv vi ix xiii xiv 1 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 10 13 17 22 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact 2.7 Roles of Women in the Contemporary Pentecostal Setting 2.8 Feminist Movements 2.9 Summary CHAPTER THREE: THE STUDY OF LUKE 8:1 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Background to the Gospel of Luke 3.3 Exegesis of Luke 8:1-3 3.3.1 The Texts of Luke 8:1 3.3.2 Structural Analysis of 3.3.3 Lexical Study of Selected Words 3.3.4 Critical Examination of Luke 8:1 3.4 Concluding Remarks CHAPTER FOUR: THE CONTEXT OF INTERPRETATION 4.1 Introduction 4.2 A Brief History of Christ Apostolic Church 4.3 Establishment of Christ Apostolic Church 4.4 Women Ministry in Christ Apostolic Church 4.5 Summary CHAPTER FIVE: CONTEXTUALIZATION 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Highlight of Women Service in the Gospels and 5.3 Points of Convergence in Lu 5.4 Points of Divergence in Luke 8:1 ix © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Roles of Women in the Contemporary Pentecostal Setting CHAPTER THREE: THE STUDY OF LUKE 8:1-3 Background to the Gospel of Luke 3 8:1-3 in Greek and English Languages Structural Analysis of Luke 8:1-3 Lexical Study of Selected Words of Luke 8:1-3 CONTEXT OF INTERPRETATION A Brief History of Christ Apostolic Church, Nigeria Establishment of Christ Apostolic Church in Delta State Women Ministry in Christ Apostolic Church, Delta State CHAPTER FIVE: CONTEXTUALIZATION OF WOMENMINISTRY Highlight of Women Service in the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles Points of Convergence in Luke 8:1-3 and CAC, Delta State ergence in Luke 8:1-3and CAC,Delta State 27 32 35 36 36 45 45 46 49 57 63 67 67 72 78 91 MINISTRY 93 the Acts of the Apostles 93 94 96 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact 5.5 Hermeneutical Implications 5.6 Contextualization of Women Ministry (Luke 8:1 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY AND 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Summary 6.3 Conclusion REFERENCES APPENDICES: Appendix I: Letter of Introduction Appendix II: Interview Guide x © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Hermeneutical Implications Contextualization of Women Ministry (Luke 8:1-3) in CAC,Delta State SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Letter of Introduction Interview Guide 101 Delta State 102 106 106 108 110 120 121 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact Plate 4.1: Pastor Anthony Akpabio, Plate 4.2: Pastor D.E. Agboro, Plate 4.3: CACGWA Leaders of CAC Bethel Effurun, Warri Plate 4.4: CACGWA member, Mrs Joy Aaron Effurun. Plate 4.5: CAC Faith Home (Maternity Centre), Ede. Plate 4.6: Mrs. Evelyn Abosede Abiola, Midwife, Shalom Zone, Effurun Plate 4.7: CAC School of Female Prophets and Evangelists Plate 5.1: Some Ministers’ Wives Deac. (Mrs.) Constance Alele, Deac. (Mrs.) Ololade Arubayi and Deac. (Mrs.) Kemi Akindele. Plate 5.2: Pastor J.O. Odelade, xi © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng LIST OF PLATES Plate 4.1: Pastor Anthony Akpabio, Superintendent, CAC Warri, DCC. Plate 4.2: Pastor D.E. Agboro, Superintendent, CAC Calvary DCC, Warri. Plate 4.3: CACGWA Leaders of CAC Bethel Effurun, Warri. Plate 4.4: CACGWA member, Mrs Joy Aaron-Arubayi, Singer, CAC Bethel, (Maternity Centre), Ede. Mrs. Evelyn Abosede Abiola, Midwife, Shalom Zone, Effurun. Plate 4.7: CAC School of Female Prophets and Evangelists , Ede. Ministers’ Wives in CAC Bethel Effurun, from the left: Deac. (Mrs.) Constance Alele, Deac. (Mrs.) Ololade Arubayi and Deac. (Mrs.) Kemi Akindele. : Pastor J.O. Odelade, Superintendent CAC Agbor Zone. 75 77 79 , CAC Bethel, 81 83 85 86 99 103 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact Map of Delta State xii © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng Map 73 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact The study interpreted Luke 8:1 New Testament Era. It examined women service in the Christ Apostolic Church (CAC) in Delta State of Nigeria. Furthermore, it contextualized the services of women in the Gos the CAC in Delta State. This was with a view to orienting the society on the concept of women ministry in the church. The study employed both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The primary source comprised of the Greek text o and interpreted with the aid of Bible Dictionaries, Commentaries, and Greek Lexicons. Furthermore, unstructured interviews with the representatives of CAC in Delta State were conducted. The selected respondents were drawn from the nine divisions of the church in the Delta State, which is made up of five Zones and the four Districts Coordinating Councils (DCC) of CAC in Delta State. They included the nine DCC/Zone’s Superintendents and the nine CAC Good Women leaders of the four DCCs and five Zones. In addition, interviews were conducted with nine respondents from among Pastors, Deaconesses, Midwives and female members of CAC Youth Fellowship (CACYOF), one each from of the nine DCCs/Zones. The selection these respondents was aimed at eliciting opinions from the leaders of CAC in Delta State and the various women segments. The secondary sources comprised books, journal articles and the Internet. The data collected were subjected to critical analysis usi The results showed that women served Jesus Christ and his team with their substances. These services included ministering with their material possessions and spiritual gifts. On the local scene, CAC women in Delta State are invol xiii © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng ABSTRACT The study interpreted Luke 8:1-3 with a particular focus on ministry ofwomen in the New Testament Era. It examined women service in the Christ Apostolic Church (CAC) in Delta State of Nigeria. Furthermore, it contextualized the services of women in the Gos the CAC in Delta State. This was with a view to orienting the society on the concept of women The study employed both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The primary source comprised of the Greek text of Luke 8:1-3, which was analyzed into phrases, keywords and interpreted with the aid of Bible Dictionaries, Commentaries, and Greek Lexicons. Furthermore, unstructured interviews with the representatives of CAC in Delta State were espondents were drawn from the nine divisions of the church in the Delta State, which is made up of five Zones and the four Districts Coordinating Councils (DCC) of CAC in Delta State. They included the nine DCC/Zone’s Superintendents and the nine CAC Women leaders of the four DCCs and five Zones. In addition, interviews were conducted with nine respondents from among Pastors, Deaconesses, Midwives and female members of CAC Youth Fellowship (CACYOF), one each from of the nine DCCs/Zones. The selection these respondents was aimed at eliciting opinions from the leaders of CAC in Delta State and the various women segments. The secondary sources comprised books, journal articles and the Internet. The data collected were subjected to critical analysis using hermeneutic approach. The results showed that women served Jesus Christ and his team with their substances. These services included ministering with their material possessions and spiritual gifts. On the local scene, CAC women in Delta State are involved in all the units of the church. They have 3 with a particular focus on ministry ofwomen in the New Testament Era. It examined women service in the Christ Apostolic Church (CAC) in Delta State of Nigeria. Furthermore, it contextualized the services of women in the Gospel of Luke in the CAC in Delta State. This was with a view to orienting the society on the concept of women The study employed both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The primary 3, which was analyzed into phrases, keywords and interpreted with the aid of Bible Dictionaries, Commentaries, and Greek Lexicons. Furthermore, unstructured interviews with the representatives of CAC in Delta State were espondents were drawn from the nine divisions of the church in the Delta State, which is made up of five Zones and the four Districts Coordinating Councils (DCC) of CAC in Delta State. They included the nine DCC/Zone’s Superintendents and the nine CAC Women leaders of the four DCCs and five Zones. In addition, interviews were conducted with nine respondents from among Pastors, Deaconesses, Midwives and female members of CAC Youth Fellowship (CACYOF), one each from of the nine DCCs/Zones. The selection of these respondents was aimed at eliciting opinions from the leaders of CAC in Delta State and the various women segments. The secondary sources comprised books, journal articles and the ng hermeneutic approach. The results showed that women served Jesus Christ and his team with their substances. These services included ministering with their material possessions and spiritual gifts. On the ved in all the units of the church. They have © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact financial obligation towards periodic distributions of food items to their pastors, besides their pastors’ statutory salaries. The study also found out that, individually and collectively, the women served as evangelists, prophetesses, teachers and church planters. Owing to the marginalization of female ministers, several such as Lady Evangelist Bola Odeleke had left CAC to found their own denominations. Furthermore, the study discovered that, in collaboration w their fellow women from other States, CAC women also employed their material possessions in the construction of hostel facilities at CAC Prayer Camp, a bakery at Joseph Ayo Babalola University. Western education and enlightenment had assisted in enlarg inCAC in Delta State. The study concluded that it is pertinent to bear in mind the interest of all the church ministers since the growth of the CAC in Delta has been credited to the efforts of men and women. This church authority s of its female ministers to match female peers in other denominations. xiv © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng financial obligation towards periodic distributions of food items to their pastors, besides their pastors’ statutory salaries. The study also found out that, individually and collectively, the vangelists, prophetesses, teachers and church planters. Owing to the marginalization of female ministers, several such as Lady Evangelist Bola Odeleke had left CAC to found their own denominations. Furthermore, the study discovered that, in collaboration w their fellow women from other States, CAC women also employed their material possessions in the construction of hostel facilities at CAC Prayer Camp, a bakery at Joseph Ayo Babalola University. Western education and enlightenment had assisted in enlarging the scope of women The study concluded that it is pertinent to bear in mind the interest of all the church ministers since the growth of the CAC in Delta has been credited to the efforts of men and women. This church authority should organized programmes that will enhance the development of its female ministers to match female peers in other denominations. financial obligation towards periodic distributions of food items to their pastors, besides their pastors’ statutory salaries. The study also found out that, individually and collectively, the vangelists, prophetesses, teachers and church planters. Owing to the marginalization of female ministers, several such as Lady Evangelist Bola Odeleke had left CAC to found their own denominations. Furthermore, the study discovered that, in collaboration with their fellow women from other States, CAC women also employed their material possessions in the construction of hostel facilities at CAC Prayer Camp, a bakery at Joseph Ayo Babalola ing the scope of women The study concluded that it is pertinent to bear in mind the interest of all the church ministers since the growth of the CAC in Delta has been credited to the efforts of men and hould organized programmes that will enhance the development © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact 1.1 Background to the Study This research focuses on the contributions of the women who accompanied Jesus Christ during His ministry in the contextual study of women ministers in (CAC), Delta State. Church history has revealed that the impact ofwomen in the re and the society in general have been overwhelming right from the epoch of the ancient Israel to contemporary era. However, little attention has been given to the fact that their roles within the family, religion, and the society are enormous (CAC inclusive) have ignored the contributions of women in t Church. Despite their impact they have not been compensated by allowing them enjoy the benefits being enjoyed by the ma retirement benefits. This oversight by women and the church in general. This advocacy for equal opportunitieshas continued in several ways to truncate the advancement of the church, making the issue most debated, as noted by J.O. Akao, The admission of women into the presbyterate order of the Church has been a controversial issue since the beginning of the 20 century. Like smoke from a smolde different parts of the world in different church denominations. In each given situation or setting, the Church has tried to handle the matter as it thinks best and in dialogue with the scriptures, tradition and cultural ethos. 1 J.O. Akao, “Ordination of Women: Arguments for and against with a Nigerian Perspective,” (2000), 83. 1 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Background to the Study This research focuses on the contributions of the women who accompanied Jesus Christ ministry in the contextual study of women ministers in Christ Apostolic Church Delta State. Church history has revealed that the impact ofwomen in the re and the society in general have been overwhelming right from the epoch of the ancient Israel to contemporary era. However, little attention has been given to the fact that their roles within the family, religion, and the society are enormous. Most of the Nigerian Christian (CAC inclusive) have ignored the contributions of women in the emergence and growth of the hurch. Despite their impact they have not been compensated by allowing them enjoy the benefits being enjoyed by the male ministers in terms remuneration, condition of service and This oversight by CAC in particularhas constituted a distraction to her women and the church in general. This advocacy for equal opportunitieshas continued in several truncate the advancement of the church, making the issue most debated, as noted by J.O. The admission of women into the presbyterate order of the Church has been a controversial issue since the beginning of the 20 Like smoke from a smoldering fire, it has reared its head in different parts of the world in different church denominations. In each given situation or setting, the Church has tried to handle the matter as it thinks best and in dialogue with the scriptures, tradition ethos.1 J.O. Akao, “Ordination of Women: Arguments for and against with a Nigerian Perspective,” This research focuses on the contributions of the women who accompanied Jesus Christ Christ Apostolic Church Delta State. Church history has revealed that the impact ofwomen in the religious sector and the society in general have been overwhelming right from the epoch of the ancient Israel to contemporary era. However, little attention has been given to the fact that their roles within the Christiandenominations he emergence and growth of the hurch. Despite their impact they have not been compensated by allowing them enjoy the le ministers in terms remuneration, condition of service and CAC in particularhas constituted a distraction to her women and the church in general. This advocacy for equal opportunitieshas continued in several truncate the advancement of the church, making the issue most debated, as noted by J.O. The admission of women into the presbyterate order of the Church has been a controversial issue since the beginning of the 20th ring fire, it has reared its head in different parts of the world in different church denominations. In each given situation or setting, the Church has tried to handle the matter as it thinks best and in dialogue with the scriptures, tradition J.O. Akao, “Ordination of Women: Arguments for and against with a Nigerian Perspective,” Orita, XXXII © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact The issue of women role in the running of the Church is being hotly debated those who are involved in the controversy, like Dorcas Akintunde see women as marginalized Several of those who support Akintunde’s marginalization has become a burden on the Church. (Akintunde and Belleville) unless may suffer further divisions, because the differ perceptions.Randolph Tate thinks conceptual framework is … expressions most often are inte have found it difficult to offer acceptable solution to the crisis over the assumed m of women in the Church service. This is because opponents have their Bible passages that interpreted to suit their interest. Consequently, no party in the feud seems to be willing to yield their positions because they claim the support of the Scriptures. Nevertheless, a close look at the Scripture, particularly the Gospels and Epistles, r the various contributions of women in the ministry of Jesus Christ is however difficult to categorically state Robert Tannehill are of the opinion that women did not serve others like Abogunrin suggest otherwise, asserting that the mission of the 70 ( women.6This opinion of Abogunrinappears to agree with the account in 2 D.O. Akintunde, “The Impact of Christian Women Organization on the Nigeria Society,” Religious Studies, Vol. XLII, 1, June, 2010, 114. 3 Linda L. Belleville, Women Leaders and the Church, 3 Crucial Questions 4 Randolph W. Tate, Biblical interpretation, An Integrated Approach 5 Robert C. Tannehill, Abingdon New Testament Commentary: Luke 6 D.O. Akintunde, “Lukan Women in Jesus’ Ministry: Prototype for Contemporary African Christian Women, African Journal Biblical Studies (AJBS), 2 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng issue of women role in the running of the Church is being hotly debated those who are involved in the controversy, like Dorcas Akintunde see women as marginalized Several of those who support Akintunde’s assertion, like Belleville, say that marginalization has become a burden on the Church.3 Just as it is observed by the duo (Akintunde and Belleville) unless the issue of women’s role in the Church may suffer further divisions, because the different ideologies are caused by varying perceptions.Randolph Tate thinks along the same line when he asserts evident in its religious and philosophical expressions, and these expressions most often are interrelated.”4Owing to this disunion, the churches that are concerned have found it difficult to offer acceptable solution to the crisis over the assumed m hurch service. This is because opponents have their Bible passages that interpreted to suit their interest. Consequently, no party in the feud seems to be willing to yield their positions because they claim the support of the Scriptures. Nevertheless, a close look at the Scripture, particularly the Gospels and Epistles, r the various contributions of women in the ministry of Jesus Christ, Paul and is however difficult to categorically state the extent to which women served. While s of the opinion that women did not serve in the same capacity as men, others like Abogunrin suggest otherwise, asserting that the mission of the 70 ( This opinion of Abogunrinappears to agree with the account inLuke 8:1 D.O. Akintunde, “The Impact of Christian Women Organization on the Nigeria Society,” , Vol. XLII, 1, June, 2010, 114. Women Leaders and the Church, 3 Crucial Questions (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2000), 1. Biblical interpretation, An Integrated Approach (Massachusetts: Hendrickson New Testament Commentary: Luke (Nashville: Abingdon, 1996 D.O. Akintunde, “Lukan Women in Jesus’ Ministry: Prototype for Contemporary African Christian Women, African Journal Biblical Studies (AJBS), Vol. XIX, No. 2, November, 2013, 17. issue of women role in the running of the Church is being hotly debated. Some of those who are involved in the controversy, like Dorcas Akintunde see women as marginalized.2 , say that the alleged Just as it is observed by the duo is handled carefully, it caused by varying religious when he asserts that “a people’s evident in its religious and philosophical expressions, and these churches that are concerned have found it difficult to offer acceptable solution to the crisis over the assumed marginalization hurch service. This is because opponents have their Bible passages that are interpreted to suit their interest. Consequently, no party in the feud seems to be willing to yield Nevertheless, a close look at the Scripture, particularly the Gospels and Epistles, reveals and the Early Church. It tent to which women served. While scholars like in the same capacity as men,5 others like Abogunrin suggest otherwise, asserting that the mission of the 70 (Luke 10) included Luke 8:1-3. D.O. Akintunde, “The Impact of Christian Women Organization on the Nigeria Society,” OritaIbadan Journal of (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2000), 1. achusetts: Hendrickson, 1991), 33. (Nashville: Abingdon, 1996), 139-40. D.O. Akintunde, “Lukan Women in Jesus’ Ministry: Prototype for Contemporary African Christian Women,” © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact The researcher’s interest in this research was particularly motivated by his a young boy in the CAC,Delta State, where the found differently. Christ Apostolic C 2, Ozoro was founded by Rebecca serve, but the female counterpart relevant role in the church liturgies. Yet this is the woman t her healing ministry. This led the current researcher to question if the Christian Church is gender biased. He embarked on the current research to find out answer in the ministry of Jesus to the question. 1.2 Statement of theProblem The debate on the ministry of women in Christianity has been a recurring issue that the Church has being facing for a long others such as CAC are still in the confusion over such. seems not to have middle ground because the terms are defined in such a way that one must belong to either side of the dispute Earlier studies on women in Luke have focused on the historica study of the Gospel of Lukewith little attention being paid to the role of women asδιακονία(deacons) beyond the NT context. women free to pursue their God studies stressed that biblical interpretation of the ministry of women should liberate serve at equal capacities with men. 7 Walter F. Adeney, Women of the New Testament 8Belleville, Women Leaders and the Church 9 Akintunde,The Ministry of Women in Lucan 3 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng archer’s interest in this research was particularly motivated by his Delta State, where the founders of two CAC assemblies w Church No. 1, Ozoro was founded by John Erimu, while 2, Ozoro was founded by Rebecca Omotor. The male founder was allowed counterpartwas restricted by the church leadership, and was left with no church liturgies. Yet this is the woman that was evangelizing the region with This led the current researcher to question if the Christian Church is gender biased. He embarked on the current research to find out answer in the ministry of Jesus to the Problem The debate on the ministry of women in Christianity has been a recurring issue that the Church has being facing for a long time. While some denominations have are still in the confusion over such. The argumentover women ministry seems not to have middle ground because the terms are defined in such a way that one must the dispute, scholars are even divided on it. Earlier studies on women in Luke have focused on the historical and literary approaches to the study of the Gospel of Lukewith little attention being paid to the role of women (deacons) beyond the NT context.7Scholars such as Bellevilleaverred that free to pursue their God-given gifts in whatever leadership positions studies stressed that biblical interpretation of the ministry of women should liberate serve at equal capacities with men.9However, scholarship on ministry Women of the New Testament (London: James Nisbet, 1899), 112, 183. Belleville, Women Leaders and the Church, 1. The Ministry of Women in Lucan Narratives, 2-3. archer’s interest in this research was particularly motivated by his experience as ers of two CAC assemblies were treated John Erimu, while CAC No. Omotor. The male founder was allowed unlimited liberty to was restricted by the church leadership, and was left with no hat was evangelizing the region with This led the current researcher to question if the Christian Church is gender biased. He embarked on the current research to find out answer in the ministry of Jesus to the The debate on the ministry of women in Christianity has been a recurring issue that the time. While some denominations have split over this matter, The argumentover women ministry seems not to have middle ground because the terms are defined in such a way that one must l and literary approaches to the study of the Gospel of Lukewith little attention being paid to the role of women Scholars such as Bellevilleaverred that Christ set atever leadership positions,8 while preceding studies stressed that biblical interpretation of the ministry of women should liberate women to (London: James Nisbet, 1899), 112, 183. © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile For more information contact For more information, please contact 4 © Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria For more information contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng For more information, please contact ir-help@oauife.edu.ng